Adaptive fear—
Maladaptive anxiety
Anxiety is a feature of many disorders
Symptoms of anxiety—4 categories
Panic
Attacks vs. Disorder—
Etiological Factors/theories
Bio—
Cognitive-
Hyperfocused on bodily sensations
Treatments:
Biological
Tricyclic
antidepressants—
SSRIs—
Benzodiazepines—
Cognitive-behavioral
therapy-
Confronting
thoughts/situations that arouse anxiety
Systematic desensitization
Exposure therapy
Phobias
Agoraphobia—fear of being away from help or in situations they can’t escape from.
Specific phobias
One situation or object—4
basic categories
Social phobia—three
types
Etiological Factors/theories
Behavioral—
Classical
cond
Avoidance learning
Prepared conditioning
(evolutionary)
Cognitive—
high standards
biases in attention
Biological
Genes—
Temperament--
Treatments:
Behavioral:
Systematic
desensitization
Modeling (by
therapist)
Flooding—
Cognitive Behavioral:
Modify thoughts—
Biological
Benzodiazepine
situationally
Antidepressants—
Generalized anxiety
disorder-
Anxious all the time
Worries shift
Physiological
symptoms
Etiological Factors/theories
Psycho/social
Humanists:
Harsh conditions of
worth
Existentialists:
Fear of death
Cognitive:
Focus on threat,
irrational beliefs…
automatic thoughts/reactive
Bio:
GABA deficiency or
fewer receptors in limbic system
Treatment:
Cognitive behavioral
Bio—
Buspirone
(blocks serotonin receptors)
Tricyclics &
SSRIs
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Obsessions & compulsions exist on a continuum—everyone has them
Obsessions
Commonly sex, aggression, symmetry, pathological doubt
Compulsions
Cleaning, checking, repeating, arranging, counting
Gradual, often early onset.
Tends to be chronic if untreated.
Prevalence similar across cultures, 1-3% lifetime prevalence
Magical thinking—
Compulsive behaviors
will prevent bad things, or acting on obsessions.
Ritualized behaviors
Thoughts=actual
occurences
Etiological Factors/Theories
Bio:
Brain
orbital
frontal cortex—
Caudate nucleus
Genes—moderate influence
Serotonin deficit involved…not clear.
Psychological—
Freud et al (id
impulses, anxiety)
Inability to turn off
intrusive thoughts, attempts to control the intrusive thoughts seem to
increase them.
Negative
reinforcement—
Treatments:
Bio:
SSRIs
Surgery-
Anterior
cingulotomy—sever connections
Anterior
capsulotomy--lesions
Cognitive behavioral:
Exposure therapy