Basic Keyword Searches:  The keywords you choose for searching have a large impact on how many relevant records are retrieved.

When a basic keyword search is performed, the system locates words and phrases throughout the bibliographic record.

Keyword searches are especially useful when:

• you have incomplete title or author information
• your topic combines two or more concepts
• you do not know the exact subject headings for your topic
• you want to link terms from different parts of a record, such as an author's name and a word from a book title

To search by keyword, enter one or more search terms.

• cyberpunk
• noh drama
• employee assistance programs

Shortening Search Terms

A search word or keyword can be truncated or shortened, to retrieve singular, plural and variant spellings. Use the symbol ? at the end of the keyword fragment.

• hypnot? (retrieves hypnotism, hypnotist, hypnotic, hypnotists)

To search for Copenhagen:

• cop? (will retrieve too many results)
• copen? (is a better search)

Boolean and Positional Operators

Logical connectors, also known as Boolean operators, help to narrow or broaden your search. The most useful logical connectors are AND, OR, NOT. If no connector is used, the UB Libraries Catalog looks for the words next to each other in the order entered.

AND finds records containing both terms; narrows the search.

• To locate items about Picasso's Guernica, type picasso and guernica
• To locate items about European unification, type europe? and unification

OR finds records containing either one or both terms; broadens the search.

• To locate items about behavior, type behavior or behaviour to include items with British spelling
• To locate items about global warming or about the greenhouse effect, type global warming or greenhouse effect

NOT finds records containing the first term, but not the second term; narrows the search.

• To locate items about kidnapping, but not about the Lindbergh kidnapping, type kidnapping not lindbergh
• To locate items about the textile industry but not about the cotton textile industry, type textile industry not cotton

You can use more than one logical connector in the same search statement.

• To locate items about doctors and malpractice, type (physician? or doctor?) and malpractice
• To locate items about childhood diabetes, type diabetes and (child? or adolescen? or juvenile)
• To locate items about rules of sports but not about rules of football, type rule? and sports not football